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Table of Contents
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2020  |  Volume : 9  |  Issue : 4  |  Page : 189-196

Explaining gender differences in transfer time to a trauma center in Northern Iran


1 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
2 School of Health Administration, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
3 Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
4 Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran

Date of Submission22-Jan-2020
Date of Decision09-May-2020
Date of Acceptance20-Sep-2020
Date of Web Publication26-Dec-2020

Correspondence Address:
Ms. Leila Kouchakinejad-Eramsadati
Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht
Iran
Dr. Naema Khodadadi-Hassankiadeh
Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht
Iran
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Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/atr.atr_2_20

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  Abstract 


Background: The association between gender and time of receiving services (TRS) after traumatic injuries is rarely documented in developing countries. This study aimed to examine gender differences in time between occurring injuries and receiving services in hospital after trauma injuries in northern Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 7085 injured patients were included in this study. Data on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were extracted from the Guilan province trauma system registry (GTSR) from July 2017 to July 2018. The Oaxaca–Blinder (OB) method was used to explain the gender differences in the TRS after traumatic injuries. Results: There were significant differences between men and women in marital statues (P < 0.001), education level (P < 0.001), time of injury (P = 0.025), occupation (P < 0.001), type of trauma (P < 0.001), mode of transfer (P < 0.001), mean age (P < 0.001), average distance from hospital (P = 0.052), and average transfer time to the hospital (P < 0.001). We found gender differences in TRS after falling trauma (P = 0.006) when the transfer was performed by emergency medical services (EMSs) and in penetrating trauma (P < 0.001) when the transfer was performed by private vehicles. The difference in the observed characteristics of men and women explained 67% of gender differences in TRS (P = 0.06). Conclusion: The gender difference in the transfer of injured patients was in favor of men, depending on the socio-demographic and clinical factors. In OB analysis, the gender differences in falling trauma and transfer by EMS and the gender differences in penetrating trauma and private transmission to the hospital were also confirmed. Steps need to be taken to ensure that services are equally beneficial to both men and women.

Keywords: Gender difference, Iran, Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition, trauma services


How to cite this article:
Rad EH, Hajizadeh M, Rezaei S, Kouchakinejad-Eramsadati L, Heydari H, Khodadadi-Hassankiadeh N. Explaining gender differences in transfer time to a trauma center in Northern Iran. Arch Trauma Res 2020;9:189-96

How to cite this URL:
Rad EH, Hajizadeh M, Rezaei S, Kouchakinejad-Eramsadati L, Heydari H, Khodadadi-Hassankiadeh N. Explaining gender differences in transfer time to a trauma center in Northern Iran. Arch Trauma Res [serial online] 2020 [cited 2024 Mar 28];9:189-96. Available from: https://www.archtrauma.com/text.asp?2020/9/4/189/305070




  Introduction Top


Trauma causes more than 5.8 million deaths worldwide each year.[1] Between 20 and 50 million people suffer from nonfatal injuries annually, many of which lead to different disabilities.[2] A study in a trauma center suggested that 60% of trauma-related deaths can be classified as definitely or probably preventable as per the World Health Organization framework.[1]

In Iran, the highest number of trauma-related mortalities are due to road traffic accidents[3] and Guilan province, located in northern Iran, is among the provinces with the highest rate of road accidents in Iran.[4]

Prehospital trauma care involves six main steps: detection, reporting, response, on-scene care, care in transfer, and transfer to receive final care. Initial transmission is based on the outcome of the evaluation using a trauma triage tool, which determines whether the patient will benefit from transfer to the nearest hospital. The appropriate transition of the patient to the hospital is critical in trauma care.[5],[6]

Although evidence-based practice guidelines have been published for the field of triage and inter-hospital transmission, these guidelines do not ensure that men and women receive the same services in trauma centers.[7] Inequalities in health-care utilization have been observed between men and women. A study in India conducted among poor households with free access to hospital care showed that the proportion of women receiving hospital care was lower in most 14 common diseases in all age groups compared to men.[8] Women relative to men are less likely to survive heart diseases in the hospital or after discharge because they do not have the same opportunities as men to receive treatment.[9],[10] Gender differences have also been reported in receiving pharmaceutical services. For example, men compared to women received more epinephrine for allergic reactions in cardiac arrest during transfer to the hospital. Similarly, men received morphine for chest pain in extremities fractures more than women.[11]

Gender differences have been reported in trauma outcomes. In a study conducted on 20,000 cases in a level one trauma center for 4 years, the mortality rate of men was 6.5% whereas this figure was reported 5.2% for women.[12] In contrast, some studies on patients with moderate to severe injuries indicated no significant difference in the mortality rates of both genders.[13],[14]

The existing literature suggests that the rate of deaths among patients with blunt and penetrating trauma was higher when they were transferred to the hospital by public and private emergency medical services (EMSs) than by personal vehicles. Similar results were obtained even after the severity of the injury was adjusted. This indicated that there were some difficulties in transferring the patients by EMS.[15],[16] Posttraumatic survival rates are closely related to the time of receiving trauma services. Half of the deaths occur during the period following a traumatic injury that requires rapid medical and surgical intervention (the golden time). Hence, early transfer to the hospital is critical for the patient's survival.[17],[18]

Although several studies have investigated the gender differences in the demographics of traumatic patients transferred to trauma centers,[10],[11] it is important to know if there are gender inequalities in the time of receiving services (TRS) after traumatic injuries because the fast transfer to the hospital and fast triage reduces the risk of death. Identifying these gender differences in a trauma center is the first step in reducing such inequalities in trauma care.[19],[20]

The association between gender and TRS after traumatic injuries has rarely been documented in developing countries such as Iran. Considering that the incidence of traumatic injuries, derived from a traffic accident is remarkably high in Iran, it is crucial to assess gender differences in transfer services of trauma patients to develop appropriate interventions. To fill this gap in the literature, we aimed to examine gender inequality in TRS after trauma injuries in Guilan province, Iran. Understanding gender inequality in TRS after traumatic injuries may provide valuable information for improving patient management and reducing gender inequalities in access to trauma care in Iran.


  Materials and Methods Top


Participants

In this cross-sectional study, the data were obtained from the Guilan Trauma Data Bank. We included injured patients who were referred directly to Poursina Hospital in Rasht and were injured in Guilan province. The patients referred from other hospitals to Poursina Hospital were excluded from the study.

We used the data of 7085 injured patients from the Guilan Trauma System Registry (GTSR) system archived between July 2017 and July 2018. The GTSR project has started from July 2017 and collects information of all patients injured due to trauma who are referred to Poursina Hospital, the largest trauma center in Guilan. The data were collected directly from the medical records, the patients, and their families. The demographic characteristics (e.g., age, gender, education level, and occupation), types of injury (traffic accident, falling, blunt trauma, other penetrating trauma), prehospital conditions, place of the injury, time of injury, time of arriving at the hospital, and mode of transfer to the hospital were gathered. The outcome variable in the study is TRS and calculated by the difference between the time of injury and the time of arrival at the hospital. Marital status, level of education, occupation, type of injury, time of injury, the distance between injury place and hospital, and whether or not the injury occurred during weekend/holiday were included in the analysis as explanatory variables. Besides, the distance between the place of injury and hospital was calculated using geographic information system and included in the analysis. This research was confirmed by the Ethics Committee of Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran (IR.GUMS.REC.1396.217).

Statistical analysis

The Chi-square test was used to examine the descriptive variables. The Oaxaca–Blinder (OB) method was employed to explain gender inequality in TRS after traumatic injuries. Assume that we have a linear regression model linking TRS (logged to correct for skewness), ln (TRS), to a set of explanatory factors, X, for males and females, separately such as:

ln (TRSm) = Xmi bmi + umi for males and

ln(TRSf) = Xfi bf + ufi for females, (1)

Where X is the vector of explanatory variables. B is the vector of coefficients, and u is the regression error term. The difference in the average TRS, M (ln (TRS), between males and females, can be decomposed using the OB decomposition approach as follows:





As one of the assumptions of linear regression is that the average of error terms is equal to zero, the error terms can be deleted from the model as:



The equation above can be rewritten as follows:



Based on Equation 5, differences in the average TRS can be decomposed into three parts: (1) difference due to endowments: bm (M(Xm) - M(Xf)), (2) differences due to coefficients (M (Xf) (bm - bf), and (3) differences due to interactions: (M (Xm) M (Xf)) (bm - bf). The endowment part captures differences in the average TRS due to group differentials in explanatory variables. This part shows the changes in the gap in TRS if men and women had similar observable characteristics. The coefficients part captures the differences in the TRS that can be explained by differences in coefficients (including the differences in the intercept) between males and females. The interaction term captures the differences in endowments and coefficients that exist simultaneously between males and females. P > 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed using STATA SE v13.1, STATA CORP, United States.


  Results Top


A total of 6812 injured trauma patients were included in the study. Of whom, 5250 were men, and 1562 were women. The descriptive characteristics of the study population are reported in [Table 1]. Significant differences were found between marital status, and the number of married men was found to be more than that of married women (P < 0.001). Of the total injured patients, 2029 cases had a high school degree, and 2061 individuals were injured between 10 am and 4 pm. Moreover, 1164 patients out of the total sample were homemakers. The distribution of the patients based on different types of trauma, occupation status, and mode of transfer to the hospital are presented in [Table 1].
Table 1: Descriptive statistics of the study population

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[Table 2] shows the unadjusted difference in age, distance, and TRS between males and females. As shown in [Table 2], the mean age of injured patients was 36.637 years, and significant differences were found between the mean ages of men and women (males: 36.475 versus females: 45.928 years) (P < 0.001). The average distance from the place of injury to the hospital was 18.326 km, and it was significantly higher for men at a 95% confidence interval: 17.119 versus 18.682 (P = 0.052). The average TRS was higher in women compared with men (males: 170.129 min vs. females: 208.033 min, vs. P < 0.001).
Table 2: Unadjusted differences for age, distance, and time to receive services

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The OB decomposition results for the differences in the average TRS between males and females for total injuries and by types of injury are reported in [Table 3]. The overall gender gap (females-males) in TRS, regardless of types of trauma was 39.70 min (P < 0.001). The difference in the observed characteristics (endowments) between men and women explained 26.79 min of gender difference in TRS (P = 0.06). This result suggested that if women had similar characteristics as men, on average, the gap in TRS would be reduced by 26.79 min. The remaining difference in TRS is due to the differences in coefficients and interactions between men and women.
Table 3: Decomposition of gender inequality in the time to receive hospital services after traumatic injuries by types of trauma and transportation

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There were substantial gaps in the average TRS between females and males for blunt trauma (32.53 min, P = 0.060) and fallings (30.65 min, P = 0.006). The gap between females and males for penetrating trauma was 48.44 (P = 0.066) and traffic accidents 5.90 min (P = 0.573). The OB decomposition did not reveal significant contributions of endowment, coefficients, or interaction to the observed gaps for different types of trauma injuries.

There existed significant differences in the average TRS for males and females by a vehicle used to transport to the hospital. The gender gap for EMS, personal care, and other vehicles was 36.30 (P < 0.001), 31.72 (P < 0.001), −26.38 (P = 0.783) minutes, respectively. The OB decomposition results did not generally demonstrate significant contributions of endowment, coefficients, or interaction to the observed gender gaps in the average TRS by transportation types.

[Table 4] shows the matrix of gender difference for the type of vehicle and type of injury. The coefficients of difference in the OB method were added into the table which indicates the extent of gender difference in TRS by different transportation and injury types. As shown in [Table 4], the gender gap for those patients with falling trauma and transported by EMS was 64.95 min, which was statistically significantly higher than the average gender gap of EMS in all types of trauma. The gender gap in penetrating trauma and private cars was also statistically significant (−54.66 min). For other combinations of type of injury and type of vehicle, no significant relationship was found.
Table 4: Matrix of gender difference by types of trauma and transportation using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method

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  Discussion Top


Our study showed significant differences in marital status, education level, time of injury, occupation, types of trauma, mode of transfer, the average distance from the hospital, and average TRS for men and women among trauma patients in Guilan, Iran.

In the present study, falling trauma was more in women than in men followed by traffic accidents whereas in men higher traffic accidents than falling were observed, both of which were the first and second-most common types of trauma.

These findings are similar to other studies where traffic accidents and falling were found to be the first and second types of trauma injuries in Iran.[21],[22] This is in contrast with the results of a study conducted in Oklahoma, USA, which reported falling as the most common type of trauma.[23]

This result seems to depend on the differences in traffic safety infrastructures of different countries, in which traffic accidents may rank first or others as the cause of trauma.

In the present study, the most common mode of hospital transfer was private vehicles in both men and women. Although this finding was not significant, it needs to be investigated since, despite the availability of EMS, most of them used private vehicles. In an Iranian study, the rate of patient satisfaction of the arrival time of EMS was about 68% (Jamali 2018). However, it has been reported that there is no difference in the two modes of transfer in terms of impact on mortality (Huang, Rau et al. 2016).

In the present study, there was a difference in the gender of the patients in terms of their mode of transfer to the hospital. The number of women using private vehicles instead of EMS was significantly higher than that of men. In a study comparing transfer by EMS and non-EMS vehicles, it was revealed that the condition of the patients in the EMS group was worse and needed more endotracheal intubation and care (Huang, Rau et al. 2016). Therefore, it is possible that in the present study, because a significant majority of women suffered from falling trauma and had a better general condition, they preferred to use more private vehicles. In Guilan, all EMS personnel are men, so most of the husbands of women who experience trauma prefer private vehicles due to cultural issues. As previously reported in a study, Muslim women were more likely to be treated by a female physician (Willis, King, et al. 2017). In developed countries, both male and female emergency personnel are sent for each EMS request so it is recommended that in EMS personnel planning in Iran, similar changes in prehospital emergency services be made so that women benefit as much as men from EMS transfers.

In the present study, the distance from the place of trauma to the hospital was shorter in women than in men, but in terms of time their transfer to the hospital significantly took longer, and the gender difference was significant. In this regard, studies report that women were generally less likely to seek medical care than men.[24],[25],[26]

In addition, according to the OB analysis in the present study, regardless of the type of trauma, there was a total gender difference in TRS between the male and female groups and women had significantly more delayed TRS than the opposite group. The difference was 39 min, the majority (26 min) of which was related to the difference between the observed characteristics of men and women. The remaining 13 min was related to other factors. That is, regardless of the type of trauma, and even the difference in gender characteristics (i.e., if women are equal to men based on gender characteristics), women were still taken to the hospital later than men. A similar study explained that injured women seek care later than men.[27]

Another study reported that fewer ambulance alarms were used in transporting women to hospital compared with that of men.[28]

Therefore, the difference in TRS between men and women in the present study depends on the differences in the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the two genders, and these factors are generally the most important determinants of delay in the process of receiving EMS services among women.

In our study, in terms of types of trauma, the rate of blunt trauma was different between men and women groups followed by falling trauma considering TRS. Women with these two types of trauma had significantly higher TRS than other trauma types and received relevant services later than men with the same mechanism of trauma.

Previous studies emphasize gender differences in receiving hospital services favoring men.[29],[30]

This means that there may be more urgency and priority and a need for a faster transmission based on the type of injury (e.g., traffic injuries) among men compared with women. Transportation of injured women usually prolonged due to the lack of urgency in certain types of injuries such as falling and blunt trauma. A study showed that patients with more severe injuries (higher injury severity score) were transferred faster.[31]

Thus, it can be concluded that this gender difference depends significantly on the mechanism of trauma (clinical factors). The TRS need more attention in women with blunt trauma and falling more than before. On the other hand, Schmittdiel (2000) reported that when people have the right to choose or the opportunity to choose, they choose a doctor willingly and even try to choose physicians of the same sex (Schmittdiel, Grumbach et al. 2000). Probably in the case of falling trauma and blunt trauma, women are given such an opportunity, and delays in deciding to choose a hospital will delay their arrival at the hospital.

Regarding the mode of transfer in the present study, women had significantly later TRS than men in transfer by EMS. When transferred by private vehicles, their TRS was still more delayed than men, i.e., in both common modes of transmission in Guilan, women had access to services slower than men. Therefore, a gender difference was confirmed in the mode of transmission to hospital between the groups.

It seems that the prehospital emergency system and private system deals with trauma in women differently than men, and female characteristics prolong the process of transmission. Female characteristics might have made transmission time longer for women than men.

In a previous study in Guilan, the time of transferring women with acute myocardial infarction was found to be significantly different from that of men. Women often reported more nonspecific signs of a heart attack than men, and men were more aware of the severity of the symptoms than women.[32] Therefore, informing women about the risks of late transfer to the hospital is of high importance.

In OB analysis, when comparing the type of transport vehicle and the type of trauma, the gender difference in falling trauma and transfer by EMS was significant. Furthermore, the gender difference in penetrating trauma and private transmission was significantly greater. Previous studies have confirmed such gender differences in service delivery in different types of trauma and diseases. A study in Ontario, Canada revealed a significant proportion of men, as compared with women, received medical care in the trauma, which can be attributed to unintentional gender discrimination.[7] A systematic review revealed that women with acute myocardial infarction arrived at the hospital later than men, even after adjusting for confounders such as age.[33] Gender inequalities in morbidity and mortality have also reported among patients with severe injuries in trauma centers.[7],[34]

Achieving specific care in golden time or reducing response time is a permanent objective of trauma systems; if severely injured patients are transferred to EMS quickly, they will have better survival outcomes.[31] New global positioning system data, including traffic congestion and distance, can shorten hospital transition times. Several rural trauma systems have improved their prehospital services through air transportation. They have increased their training program for EMS personnel to decrease the transmission time as much as possible.[35] Our findings highlighted that this longer transfer time was not necessarily an inequality concern within the trauma care system, and gender differences can be attributed to sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.

Limitation

The limitation of this study was that by using this method it was not possible to identify other factors influencing these gender differences including cultural factors.


  Conclusion Top


Therefore, in Guilan, more women than men had used the private transfer mode instead of EMS, and although the distance from the place of trauma to the hospital in women was shorter than men, they were transferred later than men, with and without considering the type of trauma, there was a difference between the gender of patients at the TRS, especially in blunt trauma and falling. In both common transfers (EMS and private), women received the services later than men. The gender difference was greater in falling with transfer by EMS and the gender difference in penetrating trauma and private transfer was more. The results showed that delaying these processes are not necessarily a deliberate gender inequality, and that the resulting gender differences depend on some sociodemographic and clinical factors. Identifying all of the factors responsible for this gender difference was not one of the objectives of the present study. Furthermore, whether this gender difference is an unconscious inequality or intentionally requires further studies.

Informed consent

Informed consent was taken from the patients when performing the study.

Declaration of patient consent

The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form, the patients have given their consent for their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.



 
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    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4]



 

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